Money Market — Banking Awareness Notes 2026
Call Money • Notice Money • Term Money • Repo • T-Bills • CP • CD • TREPS
IBPS SBI RRB Banking Awareness 2026Table of Contents
- What is Money Market?
- Features of Money Market
- Objectives and Importance
- Structure of Indian Money Market
- Organised Money Market
- Unorganised Money Market
- Participants
- Major Money Market Instruments
- Call Money
- Notice Money
- Term Money
- Repo
- Reverse Repo
- Treasury Bills
- Types of Treasury Bills
- Discount and Yield
- Cash Management Bills
- Commercial Paper
- Certificate of Deposit
- TREPS
- Triparty Repo
- CBLO
- CBLO to TREPS
- Call/Notice/Term Money Comparison
- Repo vs Reverse Repo
- CP vs CD
- T-Bill vs Government Bond
- RBI and Money Market
- Money Market and Monetary Policy
- Liquidity Management
- Important Money Market Rates
- Money Market Yield
- Risks
- Advantages
- Limitations
- Technology and Money Market
- Regulation
- Exam-Oriented Concepts
- Important Exam Traps
- Numerical Examples
- 100 Rapid Revision Facts
- Important Full Forms
- FAQs
- One-Page Memory Chart
- SEO Keyword Map
- Official Sources
1. What is Money Market?
The Money Market is a segment of the financial market where short-term funds and short-term financial instruments are borrowed, lent, issued and traded.
The term "short-term" generally refers to instruments with a maturity of up to one year.
The money market is important because banks, financial institutions, governments and eligible corporations continuously have temporary surpluses and shortages of funds.
2. Features of Money Market
- Deals mainly with short-term funds.
- Instruments generally have maturity up to one year.
- Liquidity is an important characteristic.
- It supports short-term borrowing and lending.
- Banks are major participants.
- RBI has an important role in India's money market.
- It supports monetary policy transmission.
- It helps financial institutions manage temporary liquidity mismatches.
- It includes both secured and unsecured transactions.
- It includes market-based and central-bank liquidity operations.
3. Objectives and Importance of Money Market
Liquidity Management
Helps banks and financial institutions manage temporary shortages and surpluses of funds.
Short-Term Finance
Provides a mechanism for raising and deploying short-term funds.
Monetary Policy
Money-market conditions are important for transmission of monetary policy.
Efficient Fund Allocation
Helps move short-term surplus funds toward participants requiring liquidity.
4. Structure of Indian Money Market
The Indian money market consists of several interconnected segments and instruments.
| Segment | Main Activity | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Call/Notice/Term Money | Short-term borrowing and lending | Call, Notice, Term Money |
| Repo Market | Secured short-term funding | Repo, Reverse Repo, Triparty Repo |
| Government Securities | Short-term Government borrowing | Treasury Bills, CMBs |
| Corporate Short-Term Market | Short-term corporate borrowing | Commercial Paper |
| Deposit Instrument Market | Short-term institutional fund raising | Certificate of Deposit |
5. Organised Money Market
The organised money market consists of regulated and formally structured financial institutions and markets.
Important participants include banks, financial institutions, primary dealers and other eligible entities operating under the regulatory framework.
Characteristics
- Regulated by relevant authorities.
- Formal financial institutions participate.
- Transactions use established market mechanisms.
- Interest rates and liquidity conditions are influenced by monetary policy.
6. Unorganised Money Market
The unorganised segment consists of informal or less formally regulated sources of short-term finance.
Historically, indigenous bankers and moneylenders have been associated with this segment.
7. Participants in Money Market
| Participant | Role |
|---|---|
| Reserve Bank of India | Monetary authority and important participant in liquidity operations |
| Commercial Banks | Borrow and lend short-term funds and participate in various instruments |
| Co-operative Banks | Participate subject to applicable eligibility and regulatory conditions |
| Primary Dealers | Important participants in Government securities markets |
| Financial Institutions | Provide and obtain short-term funds through eligible markets |
| Mutual Funds | Invest in eligible money-market instruments |
| Corporates | Raise short-term funds, including through eligible instruments such as CP |
| Insurance and Pension Institutions | Invest according to applicable regulations |
8. Major Money Market Instruments in India
| Instrument | Nature | Main Use |
|---|---|---|
| Call Money | Very short-term borrowing/lending | Overnight liquidity |
| Notice Money | Short-term borrowing/lending | Liquidity management |
| Term Money | Short-term borrowing/lending | Funding for a defined term |
| Repo | Secured funding transaction | Liquidity management |
| Treasury Bills | Government short-term security | Government borrowing |
| Commercial Paper | Short-term corporate debt | Corporate funding |
| Certificate of Deposit | Negotiable deposit instrument | Institutional short-term funding |
| TREPS | Triparty repo | Collateralised short-term borrowing/lending |
| Cash Management Bills | Short-term Government instrument | Temporary cash-flow mismatch management |
9. Call Money
Call money refers to very short-term borrowing and lending, traditionally associated with overnight funds.
Purpose
- Managing temporary liquidity shortages.
- Deploying temporary surplus funds.
- Maintaining efficient liquidity in the banking system.
10. Notice Money
Notice money refers to short-term funds where the maturity is generally more than overnight and up to 14 days.
11. Term Money
Term money generally refers to money-market borrowing and lending for periods beyond 14 days and up to one year.
12. Repo — Repurchase Agreement
Repo is a transaction in which one party obtains funds against securities and agrees to repurchase the securities later at an agreed price.
Simple Example
Bank A needs short-term funds. It provides eligible securities as collateral to Bank B and agrees to repurchase them later.
Economically, the transaction functions as a secured short-term borrowing arrangement.
Why Repo is Important?
- Provides short-term liquidity.
- Uses securities as collateral.
- Supports liquidity management.
- Is important in monetary policy operations.
13. Reverse Repo
Reverse repo is the opposite side of a repo transaction from the perspective of the liquidity provider.
In a traditional reverse-repo description, the entity placing funds receives securities as collateral and earns the applicable return.
14. Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
Treasury Bills are short-term Government securities used to meet short-term Government funding requirements.
Important Characteristics
- Issued by the Government of India.
- Short-term Government securities.
- Part of the money market.
- Issued at a discount and redeemed at face value.
- Highly liquid Government instruments.
- Do not normally pay a periodic coupon like a conventional fixed-rate bond.
15. Types of Treasury Bills
Important Treasury Bill maturities used in India include:
| T-Bill | Maturity |
|---|---|
| 91-Day Treasury Bill | 91 days |
| 182-Day Treasury Bill | 182 days |
| 364-Day Treasury Bill | 364 days |
16. Treasury Bill Discount and Yield
Treasury Bills are normally issued at a price below their face value and redeemed at face value.
Simple Return Concept
For example, if a T-Bill with face value ₹100 is purchased for ₹98 and redeemed at ₹100:
The actual annualised yield calculation also depends on the price, day-count convention and maturity period.
17. Cash Management Bills (CMBs)
Cash Management Bills (CMBs) are short-term Government securities introduced to meet temporary cash-flow mismatches of the Government.
- They are short-term Government securities.
- They are used for temporary cash management.
- Their maturity is generally shorter than one year.
- They are different from regular Treasury Bills in their purpose and issuance pattern.
18. Commercial Paper (CP)
Commercial Paper is a short-term money-market instrument issued by eligible entities for raising short-term funds.
Important Features
- Generally unsecured.
- Short-term debt instrument.
- Issued by eligible entities subject to RBI regulations.
- Used mainly for working-capital and other short-term funding requirements.
- Can provide an alternative to bank borrowing for eligible issuers.
19. Certificate of Deposit (CD)
A Certificate of Deposit (CD) is a negotiable money-market instrument issued by eligible banks and financial institutions according to applicable regulatory conditions.
Key Features
- Negotiable money-market instrument.
- Used for short-term funding.
- Issued by eligible institutions.
- Different from an ordinary fixed deposit.
- Subject to applicable RBI rules regarding maturity, denomination and eligibility.
20. TREPS — Tri-Party Repo
TREPS stands for Tri-Party Repo. It is a collateralised short-term borrowing and lending mechanism involving a third-party agent in addition to the borrower and lender.
Three Parties
- Borrower
- Lender
- Tri-party agent
Role of the Tri-Party Agent
- Facilitates collateral management.
- Supports settlement.
- Helps manage collateral substitution and related processes.
- Reduces operational complexity between borrowers and lenders.
21. What is Triparty Repo?
In a normal bilateral repo, two counterparties transact against collateral.
In a tri-party repo, a third-party agent provides services related to collateral management and settlement.
| Feature | Bilateral Repo | Tri-Party Repo |
|---|---|---|
| Parties | Two main counterparties | Borrower + lender + third-party agent |
| Collateral Management | Handled between counterparties | Supported by third-party agent |
| Purpose | Secured short-term funding | Secured short-term funding with centralised collateral services |
22. CBLO — Historical Money Market Instrument
CBLO stands for Collateralised Borrowing and Lending Obligation.
CBLO was an important collateralised money-market borrowing and lending mechanism in India.
It is important for exams from a historical/current-affairs perspective because the market structure later transitioned toward the tri-party repo framework.
23. CBLO to TREPS — Important Evolution
India's collateralised money-market framework evolved from the earlier CBLO mechanism toward the tri-party repo framework.
Therefore, older study materials may prominently mention CBLO while newer material refers to TREPS.
Old/legacy reference → CBLO
Current tri-party repo framework → TREPS
24. Call Money vs Notice Money vs Term Money
| Feature | Call Money | Notice Money | Term Money |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duration | Overnight | More than overnight up to 14 days | More than 14 days up to one year |
| Purpose | Very short-term liquidity | Short-term liquidity | Short-term funding |
| Market | Money Market | Money Market | Money Market |
25. Repo vs Reverse Repo
| Basis | Repo | Reverse Repo |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Perspective | Borrowing funds against securities | Placing/lending funds against securities |
| Liquidity Effect in Traditional Policy Description | Liquidity injection | Liquidity absorption |
| Security | Collateralised | Collateralised |
26. Commercial Paper vs Certificate of Deposit
| Basis | Commercial Paper | Certificate of Deposit |
|---|---|---|
| Short Form | CP | CD |
| Nature | Short-term debt instrument | Negotiable deposit instrument |
| Issuer | Eligible corporates/entities | Eligible banks/financial institutions |
| Purpose | Short-term corporate funding | Short-term institutional funding |
27. Treasury Bill vs Government Bond
| Basis | Treasury Bill | Government Bond |
|---|---|---|
| Maturity | Up to one year | Generally more than one year |
| Market | Money Market | Government securities/capital-market segment |
| Return Structure | Generally issued at discount | May carry coupon or other specified return structure |
| Purpose | Short-term Government funding | Medium/long-term Government funding |
28. RBI and the Money Market
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central monetary authority and plays a major role in the functioning of India's money market.
Important RBI Roles
- Conducts monetary policy operations.
- Manages systemic liquidity.
- Uses eligible liquidity-management instruments.
- Regulates banks and relevant financial-market activities.
- Supports orderly functioning of money markets.
- Influences short-term interest rates through monetary policy operations.
- Provides standing and other liquidity facilities according to the current framework.
29. Money Market and Monetary Policy
Monetary policy affects the availability and cost of funds in the financial system. Because banks operate heavily in short-term funding markets, money-market rates are important for monetary-policy transmission.
Important Policy Tools
- Repo rate
- Standing Deposit Facility
- Marginal Standing Facility
- Cash Reserve Ratio
- Open Market Operations
- Liquidity Adjustment Facility-related operations
- Variable Rate Repo operations
- Variable Rate Reverse Repo operations, where applicable
30. Liquidity Management
Liquidity management means ensuring that financial institutions have sufficient funds to meet their payment and settlement obligations while efficiently managing surplus funds.
Example
If a bank temporarily needs funds to meet its obligations, it may access eligible money-market or central-bank liquidity facilities.
If a bank has surplus funds, it may deploy them in eligible short-term instruments, subject to applicable regulations.
31. Important Money Market Rates
| Rate/Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Call Rate | Rate for very short-term/call money transactions |
| Repo Rate | Rate associated with eligible repo transactions and a key monetary-policy rate |
| Reverse Repo Rate | Rate associated with reverse repo operations under the applicable framework |
| MSF Rate | Rate applicable to Marginal Standing Facility borrowing |
| SDF Rate | Rate applicable to Standing Deposit Facility |
| T-Bill Yield | Market yield on Treasury Bills |
| CP Rate/Yield | Market return/yield associated with Commercial Paper |
32. Money Market Yield
Yield represents the return earned on a money-market instrument relative to its price and holding period.
For discounted instruments such as Treasury Bills, the investor's return is generated from the difference between the purchase price and redemption value.
Annualised yield calculations may use different conventions depending on the instrument and market rules.
33. Risks in Money Market
| Risk | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Interest Rate Risk | Changes in interest rates can affect market values and funding costs. |
| Credit Risk | Counterparty may fail to meet obligations. |
| Liquidity Risk | Difficulty in obtaining funds or selling instruments quickly. |
| Settlement Risk | Failure or delay in completing settlement. |
| Operational Risk | Failures in systems, processes, people or external events. |
| Market Risk | Adverse changes in market prices/rates. |
34. Advantages of Money Market
- Provides short-term liquidity.
- Supports efficient cash management.
- Provides investment avenues for temporary surplus funds.
- Supports short-term borrowing.
- Improves financial-system efficiency.
- Supports monetary-policy transmission.
- Provides liquid instruments for eligible investors.
- Helps manage temporary mismatches between inflows and outflows.
35. Limitations and Challenges
- Market conditions can change rapidly.
- Interest-rate movements can affect returns and funding costs.
- Corporate instruments may carry credit risk.
- Liquidity can differ between instruments.
- Regulatory requirements may change.
- Stress in financial markets can reduce market liquidity.
36. Technology and Money Market
Modern money markets depend heavily on electronic trading, clearing, settlement, collateral management and reporting systems.
- Electronic trading platforms improve transaction efficiency.
- Electronic settlement reduces operational risk.
- Collateral-management systems support repo markets.
- Real-time information improves liquidity management.
- Automated risk controls support market participants.
37. Regulation of Money Market
India's money market operates under a regulatory framework involving the RBI and other applicable authorities depending on the instrument and participant.
Important Regulatory Areas
- Eligibility of participants.
- Permitted instruments.
- Maturity requirements.
- Collateral requirements.
- Reporting and disclosure.
- Risk management.
- Settlement requirements.
- Prudential requirements.
38. Exam-Oriented Concepts
Money Market = Short-Term
Whenever a question mentions short-term funds, liquidity management, Treasury Bills, Commercial Paper, Certificate of Deposit, call money or repo, think primarily about the money market.
Capital Market = Long-Term
Shares, long-term bonds and other long-term financing instruments are generally associated with the capital market.
Secured vs Unsecured
- Repo = secured by eligible securities.
- Commercial Paper = generally unsecured.
- Call money = borrowing/lending without the same collateral structure as repo.
39. Important Exam Traps
40. Numerical Examples
Example 1 — Treasury Bill
Face value = ₹100
Purchase price = ₹97
The investor receives ₹3 as the gross price difference at redemption, before considering the exact yield calculation and other applicable factors.
Example 2 — Simple Discount Return
Suppose an instrument is purchased for ₹98 and redeemed for ₹100.
The annualised return would depend on the maturity period and applicable day-count convention.
Example 3 — Call Money
Suppose a bank needs ₹500 crore overnight and borrows it through an eligible call-money transaction.
The borrowing cost will depend on the prevailing call rate and the applicable transaction terms.
41. 100 Rapid Revision Facts
- Money Market deals mainly with short-term funds.
- Money-market instruments generally have maturity up to one year.
- Liquidity is a major feature of the money market.
- RBI plays an important role in India's money market.
- Call money is associated with overnight funds.
- Notice money is generally more than overnight and up to 14 days.
- Term money generally extends beyond 14 days up to one year.
- Call, notice and term money are money-market segments.
- Repo is a secured short-term funding transaction.
- Repo involves securities as collateral.
- Repo stands for Repurchase Agreement.
- Reverse repo is the opposite side of a repo transaction.
- Treasury Bills are money-market instruments.
- Treasury Bills are Government securities.
- Treasury Bills are short-term securities.
- Important Indian T-Bill maturities include 91, 182 and 364 days.
- T-Bills are generally issued at a discount.
- T-Bills are redeemed at face value.
- The difference between issue price and redemption value generates the basic return on a discounted T-Bill.
- T-Bills do not normally carry a periodic coupon like conventional bonds.
- Cash Management Bills are used for temporary Government cash mismatches.
- CMB stands for Cash Management Bill.
- Commercial Paper is a money-market instrument.
- CP stands for Commercial Paper.
- Commercial Paper is generally unsecured.
- CP is used for short-term corporate funding.
- Eligible entities can issue CP subject to regulatory conditions.
- Certificate of Deposit is a money-market instrument.
- CD stands for Certificate of Deposit.
- CD is a negotiable deposit instrument.
- Eligible banks and financial institutions can issue CDs subject to applicable regulations.
- CD is different from an ordinary fixed deposit.
- TREPS stands for Tri-Party Repo.
- TREPS involves a third-party agent.
- Tri-party repo involves borrower, lender and tri-party agent.
- Collateral management is an important feature of tri-party repo.
- CBLO stands for Collateralised Borrowing and Lending Obligation.
- CBLO was an important historical collateralised money-market mechanism in India.
- The Indian market evolved from CBLO toward the tri-party repo framework.
- Money market helps manage short-term liquidity.
- Money market supports monetary policy transmission.
- Money market facilitates short-term borrowing.
- Money market provides avenues for short-term investment.
- Banks are major money-market participants.
- Financial institutions participate subject to applicable rules.
- Primary Dealers are important participants in Government securities markets.
- Mutual funds invest in eligible money-market instruments.
- Corporates may raise short-term funds through eligible instruments such as CP.
- RBI is India's central monetary authority.
- RBI uses liquidity-management operations.
- Repo rate is an important monetary-policy rate.
- SDF is a liquidity-absorption facility of RBI.
- MSF provides an overnight borrowing facility to eligible banks subject to RBI rules.
- CRR affects banking-system liquidity.
- Open Market Operations involve buying and selling of Government securities by RBI.
- Money-market conditions influence short-term interest rates.
- Call rate refers to the rate for call-money transactions.
- Money market is closely connected with banking liquidity.
- Money market instruments can be secured or unsecured.
- Repo is collateralised.
- CP is generally unsecured.
- Government securities generally have high credit quality because of the sovereign issuer, subject to market and other risks.
- Liquidity means the ability to obtain funds or sell an asset efficiently.
- Interest-rate risk arises from changes in market rates.
- Credit risk arises from counterparty failure.
- Liquidity risk arises when funds cannot be obtained or assets cannot be sold efficiently.
- Operational risk may arise from systems, processes, people or external events.
- Settlement risk is the risk associated with failure or delay in settlement.
- Money market is different from capital market.
- Equity shares belong mainly to the capital market.
- Long-term bonds are generally associated with capital markets.
- T-Bills belong to the money market.
- CP belongs to the money market.
- CD belongs to the money market.
- Repo belongs to the money market.
- Call money belongs to the money market.
- Notice money belongs to the money market.
- Term money belongs to the money market.
- Forex transactions can involve short-term money-market participants and banks.
- Price discovery occurs through market interaction.
- Money-market rates can respond quickly to liquidity conditions.
- Surplus funds can be deployed in eligible short-term instruments.
- Deficit institutions can raise eligible short-term funds.
- Money market contributes to efficient allocation of short-term resources.
- Call money is usually shorter than notice money.
- Notice money is usually shorter than term money.
- TREPS is a collateralised transaction framework.
- Tri-party repo has three parties in its structure.
- CP represents short-term borrowing by an eligible issuer.
- CD represents a negotiable deposit instrument.
- T-Bills are Government-issued short-term securities.
- CMBs are used for temporary Government cash management.
- Money market helps financial institutions manage mismatches.
- Monetary policy influences money-market conditions.
- Liquidity operations influence short-term market rates.
- RBI's framework can change over time.
- Current regulatory questions should be checked against latest RBI directions.
- Old exam materials may mention CBLO.
- Current materials commonly refer to TREPS for tri-party repo.
- Repo involves an agreement to repurchase securities.
- Reverse repo is viewed from the opposite side of a repo transaction.
- Money market supports financial stability through efficient liquidity management.
- Short-term instruments are generally more liquid than comparable long-term instruments, although liquidity varies by instrument.
- Money market is essential for the transmission of monetary policy.
- Money market is a key component of the financial system.
42. Important Money Market Full Forms
| Short Form | Full Form |
|---|---|
| RBI | Reserve Bank of India |
| CP | Commercial Paper |
| CD | Certificate of Deposit |
| T-Bill | Treasury Bill |
| CMB | Cash Management Bill |
| TREPS | Tri-Party Repo |
| CBLO | Collateralised Borrowing and Lending Obligation |
| CRR | Cash Reserve Ratio |
| MSF | Marginal Standing Facility |
| SDF | Standing Deposit Facility |
| OMO | Open Market Operations |
| LAF | Liquidity Adjustment Facility |
| VRR | Variable Rate Repo |
| VRRR | Variable Rate Reverse Repo |
| G-Sec | Government Security |
| SDL | State Development Loan |
| FX | Foreign Exchange |
| OTC | Over-the-Counter |
| WACR | Weighted Average Call Rate |
43. Frequently Asked Questions
The Money Market is the market for short-term borrowing, lending and trading of financial instruments, generally with maturity up to one year.
Its major purpose is to facilitate short-term funding, liquidity management and efficient deployment of temporary surplus funds.
Call money refers to very short-term borrowing and lending, traditionally associated with overnight funds.
Notice money generally refers to borrowing/lending beyond overnight and up to 14 days.
Term money generally refers to borrowing/lending beyond 14 days and up to one year.
Repo is a secured short-term transaction involving securities and an agreement to repurchase them later.
Commercial Paper is a short-term money-market debt instrument issued by eligible entities, generally without collateral.
A Certificate of Deposit is a negotiable money-market deposit instrument issued by eligible institutions.
TREPS stands for Tri-Party Repo and is a collateralised short-term borrowing/lending mechanism involving a third-party agent.
Money Market deals mainly with short-term funds, while Capital Market deals mainly with medium and long-term financing and investment.
Yes. Treasury Bills are short-term Government securities and are important money-market instruments.
The Reserve Bank of India plays a major role in India's money market and monetary-policy operations.
44. One-Page Money Market Memory Chart
| Question Clue | Answer |
|---|---|
| Short-term financial market | Money Market |
| Overnight money | Call Money |
| More than overnight to 14 days | Notice Money |
| Beyond 14 days up to one year | Term Money |
| Secured short-term borrowing | Repo |
| Short-term Government security | Treasury Bill |
| Short-term corporate debt | Commercial Paper |
| Negotiable deposit instrument | Certificate of Deposit |
| Tri-party repo | TREPS |
| Legacy collateralised instrument | CBLO |
| Temporary Government cash mismatch | Cash Management Bills |
| Major monetary authority | RBI |
| Short-term liquidity management | Money Market |
| Long-term capital raising | Capital Market |
45. SEO Keyword Map
This page targets high-intent Banking Awareness and competitive-exam searches around the Indian Money Market without claiming specific search-volume figures.
Primary Keywords
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High-Intent Keywords
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Exam Keywords
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Long-Tail Keywords
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46. Official Sources for Verification
Money-market rules, instrument eligibility, maturity, market participation and RBI liquidity-management operations can change. Always verify current details against official regulatory publications.
- Reserve Bank of India: Official RBI Website
- Government of India — Ministry of Finance: Official Ministry of Finance Website
- SEBI: Official SEBI Website
- Call Money
- Notice Money
- Term Money
- Repo and Reverse Repo
- Treasury Bills
- Commercial Paper
- Certificate of Deposit
- TREPS
- CBLO
- Cash Management Bills
- RBI's role in the Money Market
- Money Market vs Capital Market